[pre]Note that in this test, as in the textbook, the term animal is used to refer to non-human animals.[/pre] 1 Involuntary bodily behaviour of animals such as erection of hair represent which of the following types of sign? A O3 O1 symbols R1 See box on p.000. O2 icons R2 See box on p.000. O3 indexes R3 2 The dances of honey bees shows evidence of a limited degree of displacement. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 3 The available evidence suggests which of the following is the most likely to be true? A O2 O1 bee dance is primarily culturally transmitted R1 See p.000. O2 bee dance is primarily genetically encoded R2 4 Evidence of a critical period for acquisition of songs by some species of song-birds argues for a genetic component to songs in that species, and some degree of cultural transmission. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 5 There is evidence that vervet monkeys alarm calls are to some degree culturally transmitted. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 6 Which of the following best characterises the vocalisations of apes? A O3 O1 they are mainly culturally transmitted R1 See p.000. O2 they are largely voluntary R2 See p.000. O3 they are largely involuntary R3 O4 they are mainly used for describing the world R4 See p.000. 7 The number of vocalised calls used in natural (or wild) chimpanzee populations is approximately: A O2 O1 two or three R1 See p.000. O2 about 20 R2 O3 about 100 R3 See p.000. O4 about 1,000 R4 See p.000. O5 Unlimited R5 See p.000. 8 The intentional gestures of chimpanzees are: A O5 O1 largely innate R1 See p.000. O2 entirely culturally transmitted R2 See p.000. O3 mainly iconic R3 See p.000. O4 mainly used to direct attention of conspecifics for sharing interest in some object R4 See p.000. O5 used for attracting attention to the signer and requesting action R5 9 The natural vocalised calls of chimpanzees show no evidence of internal structure, or possibilities of combination. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 10 There is no evidence of productivity in the natural communication systems of any animals. A O2 O1 True R1 No, some bird songs show evidence of productivity: see p.000. O2 False R2 11 Study of natural animal communication systems reveals which of the following? A O1 O1 Animals do not use communication systems with the full potential of human language. R1 O2 Some animals are capable of using systems with the full potential of human language. R2 Read §10.1 again. O3 Some animal communication systems show all of the design features of human languages. R3 Read §10.1 again. O4 None of the preceding. R4 Read §10.1 again. 12 The novel name-new category principle is unique to human beings: other animals cannot use this strategy to determine meaning or reference of signs. A O2 O1 True R1 Some evidence exists of use of this principle in animals: see p.000. O2 False R2 13 What is one of the main reasons why early attempts to teach chimpanzees to speak failed? A O2 O1 Poor training methods: the attempts would have succeeded otherwise. R1 See p.000. O2 For physiological reasons: chimps don't have the right anatomical hardware for human speech. R2 O3 For social reasons: the chimps were not properly socialised in human families. R3 See p.000. O4 Bad choices of individuals: if smarter chimps were chosen they would have been successful. R4 See p.000. 14 Chimpanzees who have been taught ASL, plastic tokens, or lexigrams, are able to put signs together into sequences to form more complex utterances. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 15 Sign systems taught to chimpanzees reveal no evidence of which of the following design features of human language? A O2 O1 displacement R1 See p.000. O2 reflexivity R2 O3 productivity R3 See p.000. O4 cultural transmission R4 See p.000. O5 arbitrariness R5 See p.000. 16 Roughly how many signs have chimpanzees like Kanzi learnt? A O4 O1 two or three R1 See p.000. O2 about 20 R2 See p.000. O3 about 100 R3 See p.000. O4 200 or so R4 O5 about 1,000 R5 See p.000. 17 Evidence indicates that chimpanzees rarely initiate communicative acts with their human trainers. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 18 Evidence from studies of apes suggests that our common ancestors did not use vocalisations intentionally, but may have had intentional control of manual gestures. A O1 O1 Yes R1 O2 No R2 See p.000. 19 According to the yakkety-yak theory (the gossip or grooming hypothesis) human language arose for the purpose of: A O1 O1 cementing interpersonal relations among individuals R1 O2 informing others about the social world in order to identify free-loaders R2 See p.000. O3 informing others about the material world in order to identify free-loaders R3 See p.000. O4 to foster rivalries amongst individuals and foment breaking up of social groups, leading to emergence of new languages and societies R4 See p.000. 20 Does the available evidence from genetics conclusively prove that FOXP2 is the language gene? A O2 O1 Yes R1 See p.000. O2 No R2 21 Genetic evidence argues in favour which of the following two possibilities? A O1 O1 FOXP2 was a target of natural selection R1 O2 A single genetic mutation occurred in FOXP2 R2 See p.000. 22 According to the looky-look (or social cognition theory) theory we have a language ready body (including brain), but that the last steps in the emergence of language were cultural. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 23 Which of the following is false? A O2 O1 Many fundamental biological components and processes involved in human vocal production and perception are shared with animals R1 This is true. See p.000. O2 The communicative systems and abilities of animals strongly supports the gradual evolution of language from other communication systems R2 O3 Investigation of non-human systems of communication provides a useful perspective on the evolution of language R3 This is true. See p.000. O4 Language evolution is best approached from various different disciplines R4 This is true. See p.000.