1	There is no limit on the variation that is possible among human languages.
A	O2
O1	True
R1	No, variation is constrained: see p.000.
O2	False
R2	

2	A sample of 200 languages represents a better basis for doing typological linguistics than a sample of 50 languages.
A	O3
O1	True
R1	Not always: see p.000.
O2	False
R2	It can: read p.000 again.
O3	Possibly, but not necessarily
R3	

3	Which of the following is not an implicational universal? (Note that you are not asked whether or not they are valid, just whether they are implicational universals.)
A	O3
O1	If a language has voiceless nasals it has voiced nasals
R1	This is an implicational universal: see p.000.
O2	All languages with a trial number distinction in nouns also have a dual distinction
R2	This is an implicational universal: see p.000.
O3	All languages have consonants and vowels
R3	
O4	All languages with affricates have fricatives
R4	This is an implicational universal: see p.000.

4	Which of the following is a non-absolute universal? (Note that you are not asked whether or not they are valid universals.)
A	O2
O1	All languages have vowels and consonants
R1	This is an absolute universal: see p.000.
O2	If a language has affricates it usually has fricatives
R2	
O3	If a language has clicks, it has nasals
R3	This is an absolute universal: see p.000.
O4	All langauges have at least one phonemic stop
R4	This is an absolute universal: see p.000.

5	Which of the following implicational universals is better formulated as a non-implicational universal:
A	O2
O1	If a language has verbs, it has adpositions
R1	This cannot be formulated as a non-implicational universal (see box on p.000)
O2	If a language has more than two consonants, it has more than one vowel
R2	
O3	If a language has clicks, it has lexical tone
R3	This cannot be formulated as a non-implicational universal (see box on p.000)
O4	If a language has a large number of consonants it usually also has a large number of vowels
R4	This cannot be formulated as a non-implicational universal (see box on p.000)
O5	If a language has lexical tone, it also has stress
R5	This cannot be formulated as a non-implicational universal (see box on p.000)

6	Based on your knowledge of linguistics, which of the following is <strong>least</strong> likely to be an absolute universal?
A	O4
O1	Languages have vowels
R1	This is a likely absolute universal: see p.000.
O2	Languages have stop phones
R2	This is a likely absolute universal: see p.000.
O3	If a language has a dual category for pronouns it will also distinguish singular from plural in pronouns
R3	This is a likely absolute universal: see p.000.
O4	Languages have a voicing distinction for stops
R4	

7	Based on the data shown in the following figure, which of the generalisations below is <em>not</em> valid? (Each balloon represents a different language.)<br />[img:word_order.jpg]
A	O4
O1	The verb tends to occur before the object
R1	No, this is valid: there is just one exception.
O2	If a language has prepositions it has VSO word order
R2	No, this generalization holds universally in the data.
O3	If a language has SVO word order it has postpositions
R3	No, this is an absolute implicational universal for the data set.
O4	If a language has postpositions it has SVO word order
R4	
O5	If a language has VSO word order it has prepositions
R5	No, this is an absolute implicational universal for the data set.

8	Based on the data in the figure in Question 7 (repeated below), is it the case that languages have initial subjects if and only if they have postpositions? <br />[img:word_order.jpg]
A	O1
O1	Yes
R1	
O2	No
R2	No, it is the case. Examine the figure again.

9	Based on the data shown in the following figure, which of the generalisations below is valid?<br />[img:word_order2.jpg]
A	O4
O1	The verb tends to occur after the subject
R1	No, this is valid for just 3 of the 8 languages.
O2	If a language has prepositions it has VSO word order
R2	No, there is one exception.
O3	Languages tend to have both prepositions and initial subjects
R3	Not so. There is a clear tendency to have prepositions, but not along with initial subjects.
O4	If a language has postpositions the subject precedes the verb
R4	
O5	If a language has SVO word order it has prepositions
R5	No, this is true for just one of the two languages with SVO word order.

10	Based on the data in the above figure (repeated below), is it true that languages have prepositions if and only if the verb precedes the object? <br />[img:word_order2.jpg]
A	O2
O1	Yes
R1	No. Although it is true that if a language has prepositions the verb precedes the object, there is a language in which the verb precedes the object but has no prepositions.
O2	No 
R2	

11	Which type of language is characterised by morphologically complex words in which it is not easy to separate morphemes from one another?
A	O3
O1	isolating
R1	See p.000.
O2	agglutinating
R2	See p.000.
O3	fusional
R3	
O4	polysynthetic
R4	See p.000.

12	Given that <em>təwalamnagʔak</em> means 'I sharpened the knife' in Chukchee, what morphological type would you expect this language to be?
A	O4
O1	isolating
R1	Check the definition of isolating on p.000.
O2	agglutinating
R2	Check the definition of agglutinating on p.000.
O3	fusional
R3	Check the definition of fusional on p.000.
O4	polysynthetic
R4	

13	If three number distinctions are marked on nouns in a language by inflections, which category will normally be the unmarked one?
A	O1
O1	singular
R1	
O2	dual
R2	See p.000.
O3	plural
R3	See p.000.

14	In a language that distinguishes number inflectionally on nouns, if an irregular noun does not make the distinction, which regular form is the irregular noun most likely to resemble?
A	O1
O1	singular
R1	
O2	plural
R2	See p.000, and note 2 (p.000).

15	Which of the following is <strong>not</strong> normally a feature of the unmarked category in an opposition?
A	O3
O1	Smaller in phonological size than marked category
R1	See p.000.
O2	More frequent in use than marked category
R2	See p.000.
O3	Admits fewer distinctions in cross-cutting dimensions
R3	
O4	Tends to occur where the oppositon is neutralised
R4	See p.000.

16	Is it true that the unmarked category in an opposition tends to be found most frequently across languages?
A	O1
O1	Yes
R1	
O2	No
R2	See p.000.

17	Supposing that the following hierarchy accounts for the use of alienable and inalienable possessive constructions cross-linguistically, which end would you expect inalienable possession to extend out from? 
<div>body part > inherent attribute > clothing > kin > personally manufactured artefact > pet animal > other possessee</div>
A	O1
O1	Leftmost
R1	
O2	Rightmost
R2	See p.000.

18	If in a given language we find that kin are treated as alienable possessions, what does the hierarchy of Question 17 (repeated below) indicate about clothing? <div>body part > inherent attribute > clothing > kin > personally manufactured artefact > pet animal > other possessee</div>
A	O3
O1	It is also treated as an alienable possession
R1	Check your understanding of these hierarchies, and your answer to Question 17.
O2	It is treated as an inalienable possession
R2	Check your understanding of these hierarchies, and your answer to Question 17.
O3	No conclusion can be drawn
R3	

19	If in a given language we find that kin are treated as inalienable possessions, what does the hierarchy of Question 17 (repeated below) indicate about clothing? <div>body part > inherent attribute > clothing > kin > personally manufactured artefact > pet animal > other possessee</div>
A	O1
O1	It is also treated as an inalienable possession
R1	
O2	It is treated as an alienable possession
R2	Check your understanding of these hierarchies, and your answer to Question 17.
O3	No conclusion can be drawn
R3	Check your understanding of these hierarchies, and your answer to Question 17.

20	Supposing that body part nouns in a given language were treated as inalienable (if attached to people or aninmals) or alienable (if detached or amputated), and all other nouns as alienable, what modification would you make to the hierarchy of Question 17? <div>body part > inherent attribute > clothing > kin > personally manufactured artefact > pet animal > other possessee</div>
A	O1
O1	Replace <em>body part</em> in the hierarchy by <em>attached body part</em> > <em>detached body part</em>
R1	
O2	Replace <em>body part</em> in the hierarchy by <em>detached body part</em> > <em>attached body part</em>
R2	No, this modification will not account for the facts.
O3	Nothing: the hierarchy must be rejected as invalid
R3	No, a simple modification to the hierarchy resolves the difficulty.

21	Which case is normally unmarked in ergative-absolutive case systems?
A	O2
O1	ergative
R1	See p.000.
O2	absolutive
R2	
O3	neither
R3	See p.000.

22	Is it true that in the majority of fixed word order languages S precedes O.
A	O1
O1	Yes
R1	
O2	No 
R2	It is true. See p.000.

23	Which of the following case-marking systems is inconsistent with Silverstein's hierarchy?
A	O5
O1	Nominative-accusative system for pronouns; ergative-absolutive for all nouns
R1	No, this is consistent with Silverstein's hierarchy (Figure 15.3, p.000).
O2	Nominative-accusative for pronouns, proper nouns, kin terms, human nouns and animate nouns; ergative-absolutive for inanimate nouns
R2	No, this is consistent with Silverstein's hierarchy (Figure 15.3, p.000).
O3	Nominative-accusative for first and second person pronouns; ergative-absolutive for third person pronouns and all nouns
R3	No, this is consistent with Silverstein's hierarchy (Figure 15.3, p.000).
O4	Nominative-accusative for pronouns, proper nouns, kin terms, and human nouns; ergative-absolutive for inanimate nouns; no marking for animate nouns
R4	No, this is consistent with Silverstein's hierarchy (Figure 15.3, p.000)
O5	Nominative-accusative system for pronouns; ergative-absolutive for all nouns except inanimate nouns, which get no case-marking
R5