1 Most phones in most human languages are produced on egressive pulmonic air. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 Read p.000 again. 2 Voiced sounds involve regular vibrations of the epiglottis. A O2 O1 True R1 No, they involve regular vibrations of the vocal folds, not the epiglottis; see p.000. O2 False R2 3 To make a nasal phone, which of the following do you do: A O4 O1 Raise the velum R1 No, raising the velum will result in blocking off the nasal cavity from the passage of air. O2 Raise the dorsum R2 Doing this will not result in a nasal phone (though it is not incompatible with a nasal). O3 Make a pharyngeal closure R3 If you can make a closure in the pharynx, air will not be able to resonate in the nasal cavity. O4 Lower the velum R4 O5 Make a blockage in the nasal cavity R5 There is no way of making controlled blockages within the nasal cavity. 4 Clicks are normally made with egressive air. A O2 O1 True R1 Incorrect; see p.000. O2 False R2 5 Which of the two main types of phones involve the unimpeded flow of air through the oral cavity? A O1 O1 Vowels R1 O2 Consonants R2 Check the explanations of consonants and vowels on p.000. 6 Vowels are characterised by which of the following properties? A O3 O1 The place and manner of articulation. R1 No, these characteristics are relevant to consonants, not vowels. O2 The position of the velum and the shape of the pharynx. R2 True, these can affect the quality of a vowel, but do not characterise vowels. See p.000. O3 The position of the high point of the tongue in the oral cavity and shape of the lips. R3 O4 The position of the dorsum and the shape of the larynx. R4 No, check p.000 again. O5 Whether the tongue is high or low in the oral cavity, and whether it is in the front or back. R5 You are on the right track, but too inexplicit. See p.000. 7 Which of the following are the most vowel-like consonants? A O3 O1 Nasals R1 Close: nasals are fairly vowel like, but not the most vowel like of the consonants. See p.000. O2 Stops R2 No, these are not very vowel-like at all. See p.000. O3 Glides R3 O4 Rhotics R4 Close, but these are less vowel like than one of the other categories of consonant. See p.000. O5 Fricatives R5 No, these are not very vowel like. See p.000. 8 The first stop in the English word stop is most adequately described in which of the following ways: A O4 O1 Unreleased R1 No, see discussion of p.000. O2 Released R2 True, the stop is released; however, this is only part of the story. See discussion on p.000. O3 Aspirated R3 Stops in this position in English are unaspirated. See p.000. O4 Unaspirated R4 O5 Nasalised R5 No, see discussion of p.000. 9 Voice onset time (VOT) refers to the time between the beginning of the closure for a stop and the beginning of regular vibration of the vocal folds. A O2 O1 True R1 Read p.000 again carefully. O2 False R2 10 What sort of lateral do you get when the back of the tongue is raised towards the velum: A O1 O1 Dark R1 O2 Glottalic R2 No, see p.000. O3 Rhotacised R3 No, see p.000. O4 Clear R4 No, see p.000. 11 Non-low back vowels (i.e. back vowels that are not low) are usually accompanied by lip rounding. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 No, they usually are accompanied by lip rounding: see p.000. 12 Central vowels are produced with the highest part of the tongue roughly mid-way in height between its position for high and low vowels. A O2 O1 True R1 No, central vowels are vowels for which the high point of the tongue is mid-way on the horizontal, not vertical axis, that is, mid-way between front and back vowels. O2 False R2 13 Ejectives are produced on which of the following sorts of airstream: A O3 O1 Egressive velaric R1 No. Check p.000. O2 Ingressive pulmonic R2 No. Check p.000. O3 Egressive glottalic R3 O4 Ingressive glottalic R4 No, check p.000. 14 Which of the following is the most common syllable shape in the world's languages: A O4 O1 C R1 No, consonants rarely make up syllables on their own. O2 VCC R2 Not a common syllable shape. Read p.000 carefully. O3 VC R3 This is not the most common syllable shape: read p.000 carefully. O4 CV R4 O5 V R5 A relatively common syllable shape, but not the most common of the list. Read p.000 again carefully. 15 Vowels and consonants are called suprasegmentals or prosodies because they are the main types of segmental sounds. A O2 O1 True R1 No. They are the main types of segmental sounds, therefore are not suprasegmentals or prosodies. O2 False R2 16 Tone languages are languages in which different tones on a word give it different meanings. A O2 O1 True R1 Not so. Read p.000 and note 6 (p.000) again carefully. O2 False R2 17 Intonation is concerned with patterns of pitch variation over sentence sized utterances. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 Read p.000 again. 18 Acoustic phonetics is concerned with which of the following: A O5 O1 The production of sounds in human languages R1 No, this is articulatory phonetics. O2 The generation of speech sounds by computer. R2 No, though acoustic phonetics can contribute to machine generation. O3 The way the brain interprets the sound waves reaching the ear. R3 No. Read p.000 again. O4 The perception of sounds of human languages. R4 No, this is auditory phonetics. O5 The properties of the sound waves of human speech. R5 19 Stress in Hungarian goes on the first syllable of a word; therefore it is phonemic. A O2 O1 True R1 If stress is always on the first syllable it cannot be used to distinguish words, and therefore can't be phonemic. O2 False R2 20 To say that two sounds are in complementary distribution means: A O2 O1 The two sounds are found in the same phonetic environment R1 No, this is not complementary distribution; see p.000. O2 The two sounds do not occur in the same phonetic environment(s) R2 O3 They always occur next to one another R3 No, this has nothing to do with the definition of complementary distribution. O4 You can always replace one of them by the other R4 No, if sounds are in complementary distribution, you will not be able to replace one by the other. O5 Some speakers use one of the sounds, other speakers use the other. R5 No, this is not the way the term is used in phonology; see p.000. O6 They are suspicious pairs. R6 No. Suspicious pairs refers to pairs of sounds that are similar enough to one another to be potential allophones. 21 Phonemic transcription is just another name for broad phonetic transcription. A O2 O1 True R1 Not so. A transcription can be a broad phonetic one, without being phonemic. For instance, one could do a broad phonetic transcription of a language one does not know the phonology of; but it would be impossible to do a phonemic transcription in such a language. O2 False R2 22 If you find no minimal pairs for two phonetically similar phones, what do you do next, given that you are trying to discover whether or not they are allophones? A O3 O1 Conclude they are allophones of a single phoneme. R1 No, this does not follow. O2 Conclude they are separate phonemes. R2 No, this definitely does not follow. O3 Look for near minimal pairs. R3 O4 Look for suspicious pairs. R4 No: we already know that they are suspicious pairs since they are phonetically similar. 23 Which of the following ranges gives the best indication of the normal extent of variation in numbers of phonemes in a language? A O1 O1 10-100 R1 O2 50-100 R2 The lower limit is too high; many languages have fewer than 50 phonemes O3 20-200 R3 The upper limit is too high: few languages have more than 100 phonemes. O4 1-50 R4 A reasonable estimate, though not the best: both lower and upper limits are too low. Most languages have more than 10 distinct phonemes, and a reasonable number have more than 50. O5 100-200 R5 No. Very few languages have phonemic inventories within these limits.