1 Reference is the same thing as the signified or concept in the Saussurean sign.
A O2
O1 True
R1 No, these are different; see p.000.
O2 False
R2
2 Not all words have reference, but all have sense.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 Words such as and and the have senses but not reference.
3 If two terms have the same reference they must also have the same sense.
A O2
O1 True
R1 No, this is false: see p.131 on the Evening Star and the Morning Star
O2 False
R2
4 Which of the following types of meaning extension refers to the situation where the meaning of a term for a part of an object extends to cover the whole object?
A O6
O1 metaphor
R1 See p.000.
O2 extension
R2 See p.000.
O3 metonymy
R3 See p.000.
O4 synonomy
R4 See p.000.
O5 polysemy
R5 See p.000.
O6 synecdoche
R6
5 What is the study of utterance meaning called?
A O2
O1 Semantics
R1 No, semantics is about the meaning of sentences and their components; see p.000.
O2 Pragmatics
R2
6 What type of meaning extension does the bolded term in the following sentence illustrate? The car ploughed through the hedge. (i.e. moved through the hedge like a plough)
A O2
O1 Metonymy
R1 See p.000.
O2 Metaphor
R2
O3 Synecdoche
R3 See p.000.
O4 None of these
R4 See p.000.
7 What type of meaning extension does the bolded term in the following sentence illustrate? Do you think Hollywood will be interested in my story? (i.e. the movie industry)
A O1
O1 Metonymy
R1
O2 Metaphor
R2 See p.000.
O3 Synecdoche
R3 See p.000.
O4 None of these
R4 See p.000.
8 What type of the meaning extension does the bolded term in the following sentence illustrate? Have you got wheels? (i.e. a car)
A O3
O1 Metonymy
R1 See p.000.
O2 Metaphor
R2 See p.000.
O3 Synecdoche
R3
O4 None of these
R4 See p.000.
9 What type of the meaning extension does the bolded term in the following sentence illustrate? I want to get some shut-eye. (i.e. sleep)
A O1
O1 Metonymy
R1
O2 Metaphor
R2 See p.000.
O3 Synecdoche
R3 See p.000.
O4 None of these
R4 See p.000.
10 What type of the meaning extension does the bolded term in the following sentence illustrate? That guy is a real baby. (i.e. behaves in a babyish way)
A O2
O1 Metonymy
R1 See p.000.
O2 Metaphor
R2
O3 Synecdoche
R3 See p.000.
O4 None of these
R4 See p.000.
11 The three senses of eye - (a) 'organ of vision of humans and animals' (People generally have two eyes), (b) 'ability at discriminating details of a visual representation' (She has an eye for detail), and (c) 'discerning interest in a person or thing' (He has an eye for pretty women) - illustrate which of the following?
A O1
O1 Polysemy
R1
O2 Vagueness
R2 Read p.000 again.
O3 Homophony
R3 Read p.000 again.
O4 Synonymy
R4 Read p.000 again.
O5 Antonymy
R5 Read p.000 again.
12 Are eye, I, and aye in English homophones?
A O1
O1 Yes
R1
O2 No
R2 They are pronounced the same way, but are different lexical words, therefore they are homophones.
13 Polysemy is not the same thing as vagueness.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 Read p.000 again.
14 If a pair of words express opposite meanings but allow intermediate degrees between the two extremes, they are called:
A O5
O1 Synonyms
R1 See p.000.
O2 Converses
R2 See p.000.
O3 Hyponyms
R3 See p.000.
O4 Reverses
R4 See p.000.
O5 Gradable antonyms
R5
15 Exact synonyms are rare in human languages.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 No, they are rare: most synonyms are not exact.
16 Which of the following pairs is an example of converses (there is just one such pair):
A O3
O1 short-long
R1 See p.000.
O2 in-out
R2 See p.000.
O3 give-receive
R3
O4 plant-flower
R4 See p.000.
O5 give-take
R5 See p.000.
17 Salmon is a hyponym of fish.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 See p.000.
18 Which of the following is not a meronym of body:
A O1
O1 toenail
R1
O2 leg
R2 See p.000.
O3 trunk
R3 See p.000.
O4 arm
R4 See p.000.
O5 head
R5 See p.000.
19 The meaning of an idiom is compositional.
A O2
O1 True
R1 No, by definition it is not. See p.000 on compositionality.
O2 False
R2
20 Which of the following is not a speech act verb?
A O5
O1 apologise
R1 This is a speech act verb: see p.000.
O2 request
R2 This is a speech act verb: see p.000.
O3 preach
R3 This is a speech act verb: see p.000.
O4 question
R4 This is a speech act verb: see p.000.
O5 believe
R5
21 Explicit performatives are sentences that specify their illocutionary force.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 See p.000.
22 What illocutionary force is typically associated with an imperative?
A O1
O1 command
R1
O2 interrogative
R2 This is not an illocutionary force; see p.000.
O3 statement
R3 No, this is typically associated with a declarative: See p.000.
O4 transitive
R4 This is not an illocutionary force; see p.000.
O5 question
R5 No, this is typically associated with an interrogative: See p.000.
23 Which of the following is an indirect speech act?
A O3
O1 An interrogative used as a question
R1 See p.000.
O2 A declarative used as a statement
R2 See p.000.
O3 A declarative used as a question
R3
O4 An exclamative used as an exclamation
R4 See p.000.
O5 An imperative used as a command.
R5 See p.000.
24 Is it true that indirect speech acts are often used for reasons of politeness?
A O1
O1 Yes
R1
O2 No
R2 Indirect speech acts are often used for politeness: see p.000.
25 Which one of the following verbs of thought presupposes the truth of the proposition thought about?
A O2
O1 believe
R1 See p.000.
O2 realize
R2
O3 hope
R3 See p.000.
O4 think
R4 See p.000.
O5 guess
R5 See p.000.
26 Presuppositions remain true if the sentence is negated.
A O1
O1 True
R1
O2 False
R2 They do: see p.000.
27 People often lie. Therefore the Maxim of Quality can't be valid, so the cooperative principle has to be rejected. Is this reasoning valid?
A O2
O1 Yes
R1 This is a misunderstanding of the cooperative principle, which is not like a grammatical rule: the maxims can be flouted for particular effects. See p.000.
O2 No
R2