1 The term accent is used of dialectal varieties that differ just in grammar. A O2 O1 True R1 No, accents are dialects that differ primarily in phonetics and/or phonology. O2 False R2 2 A dialect continuum is a chain of mutually intelligible dialects of a language. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 3 Dialectal variation refers to variation in linguistic forms associated primarily with which of the following phenomena? A O3 O1 social groups R1 See p.000. O2 illiterate speakers R2 See p.000. O3 geographical regions R3 O4 rural regions R4 See p.000. O5 different individuals R5 See p.000. 4 Which of the following best describes the term isogloss? A O2 O1 boundary of a region in which a single dialect is spoken R1 See p.000. O2 boundary of a region where a particular feature of a language is found R2 O3 boundary of region where a single language is spoken R3 See p.000. O4 none of the previous R4 See p.000. 5 Dialectal variation can be in any aspect of a language - in phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, or lexicon. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 6 Did Labov's study of the speech of New Yorkers reveal that different social groups use different allophones of the voiceless dental fricative phoneme? A O2 O1 Yes R1 No. He found that all social groups use a range of allophones, but at different frequencies. See p.000. O2 No R2 7 Which of the following characteristics is not likely to correlate with systematic variation in a language? A O5 O1 age R1 No, age does often correlate with systematic variation in a language; see p.000. O2 religion R2 No, religion does sometimes correlate with systematic variation in a language; see p.000. O3 sex R3 No, sex does often correlate with systematic variation in a language; see p.000. O4 ethnicity R4 No, ethnicity can correlate with systematic variation in a language; see p.000. O5 handedness, i.e. whether a speaker is lefthanded or righthanded R5 8 Which of the following varieties is not a register? A O1 O1 British English R1 O2 medical English R2 Medical English is a register; see p.000. O3 an anti-language R3 Anti-languages are registers; see pp.000. O4 legalese R4 Legalese is a register; see p.000. O5 scientific Danish R5 Scientific Danish is a register; see p.000. 9 The choice of language by speakers in a bilingual community is not normally completely random. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 10 One factor that can influence the choice of language in a bilingual situation is the domain of the speech interaction. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R2 See p.000. 11 Language choice in bilingual speech communities can usually be explained completely by the domain of the speech interaction. A O2 O1 True R1 See p.000. O2 False R2 12 Code switching refers to which of the following phenomena: A O3 O1 Switching from written to spoken codes R1 See p.000. O2 Changing languages in different domains R2 See p.000. O3 Changing languages within a single discourse R3 13 In a bilingual community choice of which of the following language varieties is most likely to be used to indicate solidarity among members of the community? A O4 O1 A global language like English R1 No, solidarity is usually associated with the linguistic variety of the local group. See p.000. O2 A national language R2 No, solidarity is usually associated with the linguistic variety of the local group. See p.000. O3 A regional language or dialect R3 No, solidarity is usually associated with the linguistic variety of the local group. See p.000. O4 A local language or language variety R4 14 Code-switching is a bad habit, and should be eradicated via education and training. A O2 O1 True R1 Remember that linguistics is a descriptive, not prescriptive, field of investigation. O2 False R2 15 Language shift is a slow process, extending over centuries. A O2 O1 True R1 No, shift can be quite rapid, and certainly need not happen over centuries; see p.000. O2 False R2 16 As languages become obsolescent they often become structurally less complex. A O1 O1 True R1 O2 False R3 See p.000. 17 Which of the following is not a cause of language shift? A O1 O1 Inadequacies in the grammar or lexicon of one of the languages R1 O2 Physical separation of the speakers R2 This is a possible cause of language shift; see p.000. O3 Attitudes to the languages in use in the community R3 This is a possible cause of language shift; see p.000. O4 Symbolic value associated with the languages R4 This is a possible cause of language shift; see p.000. O5 Separation of children from adults in the community R5 This is a possible cause of language shift; see p.000. 18 Which of the following is not true? A O3 O1 Throughout human history languages have always become endangered and died. R1 No, this is true. See p.000. O2 Many languages of Australia and the Americas have become endangered in post-colonial times. R2 No, this is true. See p.000. O3 Hebrew is an undisputed case of successful language revival. R3 O4 According to some linguists, if the present rate of language death and endangerment continues a considerable number of the world's languages will die in the next century. R4 No, this is true. See p.000. O5 Speakers of many endangered languages are concerned about the fate of their language. R5 No, it is true that speakers of a considerable number of endangered languages are concerned about the fate of their language. See p.000. 19 According to linguistic criteria Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese are dialects of Chinese. A O2 O1 True R1 See p.000. O2 False R2 20 The situation in which interlocutors adopt features of one another's speech is called: A O3 O1 affiliation R1 See p.000. O2 idiolectal variation R2 See p.000. O3 accommodation R3 O4 convergence R4 See p.000. O5 disaffiliation R5 See p.000. 21 Reduction of word final consonant clusters is a unique and defining feature of African American Vernacular English. A O2 O1 True R1 No. Although word final cluster reduction happens in AAVE, it is not unique to this variety. See p.000. O2 False R2 22 What sort of speech variety would a variety of a language used when speaking to animals be? A O2 O1 a dialect R1 See p.000. O2 a register R2 O3 a secret variety R3 See p.000. O4 a respect variety R4 See p.000. O5 a distinct language R5 See p.000. 23 Use of a second person plural pronoun for a single addressee is in many languages associated with which of the following: A O2 O1 intimacy R1 See p.000. O2 respectfulness R2 O3 disrespect R3 See p.000. O4 secret varieties or anti-languages R4 See p.000. O5 deception or lying R5 See p.000.